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Cavitation in hydraulic pumps is a phenomenon that can lead to significant operational issues and damage in fluid systems, especially in high-pressure applications. Understanding how to recognize and troubleshoot cavitation is crucial for maintaining system efficiency and avoiding costly repairs. This article outlines the causes, symptoms, and solutions to hydraulic pump cavitation.
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Cavitation occurs when the pressure of a fluid drops below its vapor pressure, leading to the formation of vapor bubbles. When these bubbles pass through areas of higher pressure, they collapse violently, causing shock waves that can damage pump components and degrade performance.
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Causes of Cavitation
Low Inlet Pressure: Insufficient pressure at the pump inlet can lead to cavitation. This is often caused by blockage in the suction line, an undersized line, or high fluid viscosity.
High Fluid Temperature: As liquid temperature increases, its vapor pressure rises, making it easier for cavitation to occur.
Pump Design and Selection: Using a pump that is not suited for the specific fluid properties or application can lead to cavitation. Designs that do not provide adequate NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) can exacerbate the issue.
Inadequate NPSH Available (NPSHa): The NPSHa must always exceed the NPSH required (NPSHr) by the pump to prevent cavitation.
Symptoms of Cavitation
Unusual Noise: Cavitation often manifests as a distinct rumbling or knocking noise coming from the pump.
Vibration: Increased levels of vibration can be an indicator of cavitation, as collapsing vapor bubbles impact various components within the pump.
Reduced Performance: A noticeable drop in flow rate or pressure performance can indicate that the pump is experiencing cavitation.

